In this DFG-funded project, Professor Thomas Knaus is investigating how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming educational and learning processes in schools, and what pedagogical and technical conditions are required for generative AI to support experience- and action-oriented, as well as critically reflective, educational processes. A prerequisite for this is the design of teaching and learning environments grounded in educational theory and media didactics. In this context, generative AI appears promising as a co-creative catalyst and critical sparring partner – approaches that are developed in the educational theory study and illustrated by way of example using pedagogical concepts.
The study “Artificial Intelligence and Co-Creativity in Education” funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG Grant Number: 590359763), examines how generative and communicative AI can transform learning processes in schools. The study identifies the conditions necessary for AI to support experiential, action-oriented, critical, and co-creative learning rather than reinforce outdated instructional logic. However, international research on AI in education (AIED) primarily focuses on technical, organizational, or instructional perspectives. In these studies, AI largely appears as a means of measuring learning performance, providing feedback to learners, or controlling and optimizing adaptive learning processes. Consequently, little consideration has been given to generative AI's role as a catalyst and supporter of educational processes. This is largely due to the absence of a theoretical model of co-creativity in education. In response, the project aims to develop a theoretically grounded understanding of the interplay between humans, machines, and education. To achieve this, the project takes an integrated approach, combining (media) education and teaching design perspectives to provide a critical analysis of the educational and learning theory assumptions embedded in digital learning environments. The project theorizes the relationship between human and machine creativity and explores the role of creativity in the learning process in schools. Building on this foundation, the project analyzes the assumptions about education, learning, and creativity embedded in contemporary learning systems. It shows how these assumptions often perpetuate outdated control mechanisms and limit pedagogical autonomy. Conversely, the study identifies ways in which AI can facilitate creative exploration and critical reflection when teaching and learning are guided by educational theory rather than technological determinism. To illustrate this, the project develops and theoretically reconstructs exemplary teaching scenarios that demonstrate how generative and communicative AI can foster creative exploration, critical reflection, and collaboration in schools.
Brinda, T., Brüggen, N., Diethelm, I., Knaus, T., Kommer, S., Kopf, C., Missomelius, P., Leschke, R., Tilemann, F., & Weich, A. (2025). Frankfurt Triangle – An interdisciplinary model. MedienPädagogik – Zeitschrift für Theorie und Praxis der Medienbildung, 56, 186–198.
Knaus, T. (2018). [Me]nsch – Werkzeug – [I]nteraktion. Theoretisch-konzeptionelle Analysen zur ‚Digitalen Bildung‘ und zur Bedeutung der Medienpädagogik in der nächsten Gesellschaft. MedienPädagogik – Zeitschrift für Theorie und Praxis der Medienbildung, 31, 1–35.
Knaus, T. (2020). Von medialen und technischen Handlungspotentialen, Interfaces und anderen Schnittstellen – Eine Lesson in Unlearning, In: Knaus, T./Merz, O. (Hrsg.), Schnittstellen und Interfaces – Digitaler Wandel in Bildungseinrichtungen (Bd. 7), kopaed, 15–72.
Knaus, T. (2022). Making in Media Education—An activity-oriented approach to digital literacy, Journal of Media Literacy Education – JMLE, 14 (3), 53–65,
Knaus, T. (2024). Künstliche Intelligenz und Pädagogik – Ein Plädoyer für eine Perspektiverweiterung. Ludwigsburger Beiträge zur Medienpädagogik, 24, 1–34.
Knaus, T. (2024). Warum KI kein Hype ist – ...und die Medienpädagogik sich damit befassen sollte. merz | medien + erziehung. Themenheft: Medienpädagogik und KI, 68(3), S. 21–30).
Knaus, T. (2025). Ko-Kreativ mit Maschinen: Generative und kommunikative KI als kreative und kritische Impulsgeberin in der Schule. Medienimpulse, 63(3), 1–60.
Knaus, T. (2025). Why AI matters for education—An exploration in seven arguments. Zeitschrift für Bildungsforschung – ZfB, pp. 1–21.
Knaus, T. (2026). Generative AI in Schools—Between Instruction and Inspiration, Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press – CUP [in progress]
Knaus, T. (2027). Doing Digital – Bildungstheoretische Überlegungen zur ko-kreativen Gestaltung von Schule und Unterricht mit generativer und kommunikativer KI [in progress]
Knaus, T., et AI. (2023). Künstliche Intelligenz und Bildung: Was sollen wir wissen? Was können wir tun? Was dürfen wir hoffen? Und was ist diese KI? – Ein kollaborativer Aufklärungsversuch. Ludwigsburger Beiträge zur Medienpädagogik, 23, 1–42.
Knaus, T., Schmidt, J., & Merz, O. (2023). Aktive Medienarbeit als Vorbild – Handlungsorientierte Ansätze zur Förderung einer um digitaltechnische Dimensionen erweiterten Medienbildung. merz – medien + erziehung, 67(3), Themenheft: (Kritische) Aktive Medienarbeit im Wandel, 42–49.
Swertz, C., & Knaus, T. (2026). Kreativität ohne Subjekt? Ein Gespräch über KI, Lernen als Erkennen und pädagogische Souveränität [Teil 1 & 2], In: MedienImpulse – Beiträge zur Medienpädagogik 64(3) & 64 (4).